Europe Eyes Human Waste as the Future of Sustainable Farming

Human waste could soon play a key role in sustainable farming across Europe. While the practice of using excrement as fertiliser dates back to ancient times, modern concerns over hygiene have kept it banned in the EU. Now, new research and changing regulations suggest a possible shift in approach. For centuries, human waste was a common fertiliser in many cultures. Even today, parts of Africa continue the tradition. But in the EU, strict hygiene rules have blocked its use—until now.

Switzerland, Austria and Luxembourg have already approved processed human urine as a crop nutrient. In Switzerland, the product *Aurin* is legally sold and marketed. A 2024 study confirmed that fertiliser made from recycled urine and faeces produces yields just as high as synthetic alternatives. The potential benefits are significant. Human excrement contains around 40 million tons of nitrogen each year—enough to cover roughly 20% of global fertiliser demand. Liquid fertiliser from urine provides an excellent nitrogen source, while composted faeces can supply phosphorus and potassium. Yet challenges remain. Modern sewage systems dilute waste, making large-scale collection difficult. And despite the science, public discomfort—the so-called 'yuck factor'—could slow widespread adoption. The environmental stakes are high. Synthetic nitrogen fertiliser production consumes vast amounts of energy and releases substantial CO₂. Meanwhile, phosphate reserves are finite, and the EU classifies them as a 'critical raw material'. Extracting nutrients from wastewater offers a more sustainable alternative to spreading untreated sewage sludge on fields.

With proven results and growing regulatory support, recycled human waste could help reduce farming's carbon footprint. The practice is already legal in several European countries, and research backs its effectiveness. But overcoming logistical hurdles and public resistance will determine whether it becomes a mainstream solution.